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  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4115.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4061-65-Pano.jpg
  • Old mining ruins along the Million Dollar Highway, north of Silverton, Colorado, USA. Winding through Colorado's San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow fall foliage colors.
    1909US1-4019.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-15_Nea-Kameni_Santorini.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4132-39-Pano.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4141.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-4105-07-Pano.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4123.jpg
  • Ruins of Idarado Mine, north of Red Mountain Pass along the Million Dollar Highway, in Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4088.jpg
  • Yankee Girl mine ruins, Red Mountain Pass, Million Dollar Highway, San Juan Mountains, Colorado, USA. Winding through the San Juan Mountains, the Million Dollar Highway is the scenic 25 miles of US Route 550 between Silverton and Ouray. It was named for the twelve miles south of Ouray through the Uncompahgre Gorge to the summit of Red Mountain Pass. As part of the San Juan Skyway Scenic Byway, the Million Dollar Highway twists along sheer cliff edges with hairpin curves and few guardrails, past spectacular yellow foliage colors in autumn.
    1909US1-4024.jpg
  • Arthur’s Seat (822 feet elevation) rises behind Salisbury Crags in Holyrood Park above Edinburgh, in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Holyrood Park holds a special place in the history of science: Edinburgh geologist James Hutton (1726-97), the father of modern geology, recognised that the Crags' rock had been injected in a molten state into older sedimentary rocks, disproving previous theories. He suggested that the Earth was very old, and continually changing. This startlingly new idea changed the way people thought about the earth, influencing other scientists such as Charles Darwin. The Crags' hard dolerite was quarried for street cobblestones from the mid-1600s until 1831, when the House of Lords decreed that no more stone should be removed, in order to protect the iconic landscape. The Crags are the glaciated remains of a Carboniferous dolerite sill, injected between sedimentary rocks which formed in a shallow sea some 340 million years ago. Glaciers sweeping outwards from the center of Scotland within the past 2 million years scraped this ancient geology into its present form.
    17SC1-4493_Scotland.jpg
  • Intriguing towers of calcium-carbonate decorate the South Tufa Area, in Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. This panorama was stitched from 11 overlapping photos.
    1507CAL-2464-74pan_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • A sign indicating the 1959 lake level of Mono Lake is visibly far from the current lake edge, photographed in July 2015, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the level of Mono Lake, which imperiled migratory birds and an important ecosystem. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies.
    1507CAL-2365_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2429_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Sierra Nevada peaks and tufa towers reflect in alkaline waters at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. Orange and yellow algae adds to the color palette of blues. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2406_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • A park sign prohibits climbing on our taking chunks of tufa rock towers, at South Tufa Area, Mono Lake Tufa State Natural Reserve, Lee Vining, California, USA. The Reserve protects wetlands that support millions of birds, and preserves Mono Lake's distinctive tufa towers -- calcium-carbonate spires and knobs formed by interaction of freshwater springs and alkaline lake water. Mono Lake has no outlet and is one of the oldest lakes in North America. Over the past million years, salts and minerals have washed into the lake from Eastern Sierra streams and evaporation has made the water 2.5 times saltier than the ocean. This desert lake has an unusually productive ecosystem based on brine shrimp, and provides critical nesting habitat for two million annual migratory birds that feed on the shrimp and blackflies. Since 1941, diversion of lake water tributary streams by the city of Los Angeles lowered the lake level, which imperiled the migratory birds. In response, the Mono Lake Committee won a legal battle that forced Los Angeles to partially restore the lake level.
    1507CAL-2366_Mono-Lake-CA.jpg
  • Tour boats moor in the harbor of active volcanic island Nea Kameni, in the southern Aegean Sea, Greece. The town of Fira perches on 700-foot-high volcanic cliffs on Santorini Island to escape summer heat and pirates of the past. Geologic and human history of Santorini: Humans first arrived around 3000 BC on this volcano known in ancient times as Thira (or Thera). The island was a volcanic cone with a circular shoreline until 1646 BC, when one of earths most violent explosions blasted ash all over the Mediterranean, sunk the center of the island, launched tidal waves, and may have ruined the Minoan civilization 70 miles away on Crete. Remarkably, volcanic ash dumped onto the volcanos flanks actually preserved the village of Akrotiri and its 3600-year-old frescoes from the Minoan era. These are some of the earliest known examples of world art history, which you can now view in museums. In 286 BC, the volcano split off Thirasia (Little Thira) Island (to the West). The volcano began rebuilding, and in 197 BC the small center islet of Palia Kameni appeared. In 1707 CE, lava started forming Nea Kameni, the larger center island which erupted as recently as 1956 and caused a huge earthquake (7.8 on the Richter scale) which destroyed most of the houses in the towns of Fira and Oia. Fira and Oia have since been rebuilt as multi-level mazes of fascinating whitewashed architecture, attracting tourists from around the world. Published in "Sparks", the newsletter for the Museum of Science, Boston February/March 2006.
    01GRE-10-32_boats-Santorini.jpg
  • Historic farm harvesting equipment in Benton Hot Springs, Mono County, California, USA. Benton Hot Springs (elevation 5630 feet) saw its heyday from 1862 to 1889 as a supply center for nearby mines. At the end of the 1800s, the town declined and the name Benton was transferred to nearby Benton Station.
    2007CA-1272.jpg
  • In Argentina, Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of Hands) displays some of the earliest known human art in the Americas. Located in a scenic canyon of the Pinturas River, Cave of Hands is reached by remote paved and steep gravel roads, 169 km (105 miles) south of the town of Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, in the South American region of Patagonia. This striking artwork is honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Dating to around 5000 BCE, the silhouette paintings of mostly left hands were sprayed using a bone pipe held in the right hand. The age of the paintings was calculated from pigments found in layers of charcoal from human fires and bone remains of the spraying pipes. The hunting scenes (mostly guanaco) and representations of animals and human life all date older than the stenciled hands, to around 7300 BCE. A favorite hunting tool was the bola, where interconnected cords with weights on either end were thrown to trap animal legs. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Cueva de las Manos was first explored by researchers in 1949, followed by more extensive studies done in the 1960s. Varying paint colors come from different mineral pigments: iron oxides for red and purple, kaolin for white, natrojarosite for yellow, and manganese oxide for black.
    2002PAT-0506.jpg
  • Located in a scenic canyon of the Pinturas River, Cave of Hands is reached by remote paved and steep gravel roads, 169 km (105 miles) south of the town of Perito Moreno, in Santa Cruz Province, Argentina, in the South American region of Patagonia. In Argentina, Cueva de las Manos (Spanish for Cave of Hands) displays some of the earliest known human art in the Americas. This striking artwork is honored on UNESCO's World Heritage List. Dating to around 5000 BCE, the silhouette paintings of mostly left hands were sprayed using a bone pipe held in the right hand. The age of the paintings was calculated from pigments found in layers of charcoal from human fires and bone remains of the spraying pipes. The hunting scenes (mostly guanaco) and representations of animals and human life all date older than the stencilled hands, to around 7300 BCE. A favorite hunting tool was the bola, where interconnected cords with weights on either end were thrown to trap animal legs. The site was last inhabited around 700 CE, possibly by ancestors of the Tehuelche people. Cueva de las Manos was first explored by researchers in 1949, followed by more extensive studies done in the 1960s. Varying paint colors come from different mineral pigments: iron oxides for red and purple, kaolin for white, natrojarosite for yellow, and manganese oxide for black.
    2002PAT-0346.jpg
  • Wheels make a fence in Silverton, Colorado, USA. Silverton is a former silver mining camp, now the federally-designated Silverton Historic District. Durango is linked to Silverton by the Durango and Silverton Narrow Gauge Railroad, a National Historic Landmark. Silverton no longer has active mining, but subsists on tourism, maintenance of US 550 (which links Montrose with Durango), mine pollution remediation, and retirees.
    1909US1-3875.jpg
  • Two Raven House is a single-story pueblo that was inhabited intermittently for about 300 years, from 850-1150 CE on Wetherill Mesa. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. It was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3485-87-Pano.jpg
  • Long House, built 1150-1300 CE on Wetherill Mesa. Mesa Verde National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site in Montezuma County, Colorado, USA. The park protects some of the best-preserved Ancestral Puebloan archaeological sites in the United States. It was established by Congress and President Theodore Roosevelt in 1906 near the Four Corners region of the American Southwest. Starting around 7500 BCE, Mesa Verde was seasonally inhabited by nomadic Paleo-Indians. Later, Archaic people established semi-permanent rockshelters in and around the mesa. By 1000 BCE, the Basketmaker culture emerged from the local Archaic population, and by 750 CE the Ancestral Puebloans had developed from the Basketmaker culture. The Mesa Verdeans survived using a combination of hunting, gathering, and subsistence farming of crops such as corn, beans, and squash. They built the mesa's first pueblos sometime after 650, and by the end of the 1100s began building massive cliff dwellings. By 1285, following a period of social and environmental instability driven by a series of severe and prolonged droughts, they abandoned the area and moved south into what is today Arizona and New Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-3394-3400-Pano.jpg
  • South Stockade and Twin Mounds. Cahokia Mounds State Historic Site preserves the largest prehistoric Native American city north of Mexico. Cahokia existed circa 1050–1350 CE, in what is now southern Illinois between East St. Louis and Collinsville, across the Mississippi River from modern St. Louis, Missouri, USA. The present park contains about 80 manmade earthen mounds, but at its apex around 1100 CE, Cahokia included about about 120 mounds and covered 6 square miles (16 km2) with a population briefly greater than contemporaneous London. Cahokia was the largest and most influential urban settlement of the Mississippian culture, which developed advanced societies across much of what is now the central and southeastern United States, beginning 1,000+ years before European contact. Cahokia Mounds is one of 24 UNESCO World Heritage Sites within the United States, and is the largest archaeological site north of the great pre-Columbian cities in Mexico. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1909US1-2319-33-Pano.jpg
  • Cabin ruins on Gros Ventre Road in the valley of Jackson Hole, in Grand Teton National Park, in Wyoming, USA.
    1909US1-0447.jpg
  • The White Pass and Yukon Route is a narrow-gauge railroad built in 1900 linking the port of Skagway, Alaska, with Whitehorse, the capital of Yukon in Canada. Recapturing the Gold Rush era, it is the most popular land excursion from Alaska cruises. Isolated from any other railroad system, its equipment, freight and passengers are ferried by ship via the Port of Skagway, and by road at a few stops. It was built 1898-1900 during the Klondike Gold Rush to reach the goldfields, and became the primary route to the interior of the Yukon, replacing the Chilkoot Trail and other routes. The route continued operation until 1982, and in 1988 was partially revived as a heritage railway. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5670.jpg
  • Ten-foot blades of the Cooke Rotary Snowplow were built in 1899 to clear the White Pass & Yukon Route's raiways. Skagway, Alaska, USA. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Skagway's population of about 1150 people doubles in the summer tourist season to manage more than one million visitors per year. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5079.jpg
  • Skagway Alaska Street Car Tour bus. Skagway, Alaska, USA. Skagway was founded in 1897 on the Alaska Panhandle. Skagway's population of about 1150 people doubles in the summer tourist season to manage more than one million visitors per year. Half of Alaska's total visitors come via cruise ships. Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park commemorates the late 1890s Gold Rush with three units in Municipality of Skagway Borough: Historic Skagway; the White Pass Trail; and Dyea Townsite and Chilkoot Trail. (A fourth unit is in Pioneer Square National Historic District in Seattle, Washington.)
    1906AKH-5075.jpg
  • The Treadwell Pump House was built in 1914 at the end of a 600-foot long pier. The building's three centrifugal pumps lifted 2700 gallons of saltwater per minute from Gastineau Channel for milling and fire protection during the winter when fresh water from the Treadwell Ditch was frozen in snow pack. Treadwell Mine operated 1882-1922 in Juneau, in the Alaskan panhandle, USA. Walk the intriguing Treadwell Mine Historic Trail 3 miles south of Douglas Bridge next to Savikko Park. Formerly the largest gold mine in the world, the mini-town of Treadwell peaked in the 1880s, but was abandoned after partially sliding into the sea on April 21, 1917, when a massive cave-in flooded three of four underground mines 2300 feet deep, due to an extreme high tide and failure of unstable underground rock pillars. Now, spooky reminders poke through the forest on well-signposted and interpreted trail: the concrete New Office Building; 1917 slide site; "glory hole", and the restored shell of Treadwell pumphouse. The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska and the second largest city in the USA by area (only Sitka is larger). This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1906AKH-4862-p1-Pano.jpg
  • 2017 statue of William H. Seward (1801-1872) in Juneau, Alaska, USA. As US Secretary of State, William H. Seward oversaw the Alaska purchase, transferred from the Russian Empire in 1867. The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska and the second largest city in the USA by area (only Sitka is larger). This unified municipality lies on Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle. Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka. The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec, Joe Juneau. Isolated by rugged terrain on Alaska's mainland, Juneau can only be reached by plane or boat. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level under steep mountains up to 4000 feet high, topped by Juneau Icefield and 30 glaciers.
    1906AK2-219.jpg
  • Frog hat (Xixch'i s'aaxw) from Sitka, Kiks.adi Clan, Sheet'ka Kwaan, Tlingit, displayed in Alaska State Museum, Juneau, USA. The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska and the second largest city in the USA by area (only Sitka is larger). This unified municipality lies on Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle. Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka. The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec, Joe Juneau. Isolated by rugged terrain on Alaska's mainland, Juneau can only be reached by plane or boat. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level under steep mountains up to 4000 feet high, topped by Juneau Icefield and 30 glaciers.
    1906AK2-174.jpg
  • A hat (Xaadas) made of split spruce roots with painted clan crest by late 1800s Haida Gwaii. Alaska State Museum, Juneau. The City and Borough of Juneau is the capital city of Alaska and the second largest city in the USA by area (only Sitka is larger). This unified municipality lies on Gastineau Channel in the Alaskan panhandle. Juneau has been the capital of Alaska since 1906, when the government of what was the District of Alaska was moved from Sitka. The city is named after a gold prospector from Quebec, Joe Juneau. Isolated by rugged terrain on Alaska's mainland, Juneau can only be reached by plane or boat. Downtown Juneau sits at sea level under steep mountains up to 4000 feet high, topped by Juneau Icefield and 30 glaciers.
    1906AK2-164.jpg
  • Built in 1905 on Lynn Canal, Eldred Rock Lighthouse is the oldest original lighthouse in Alaska and the only remaining octagonal frame lighthouse of those built between 1902-1905. It was established because of the many shipwrecks nearby especially during the 1898 Gold Rush, when Lynn Canal was in heavy use. Eldred Rock Light was automated by the United States Coast Guard in 1973 and downgraded to a minor light. Photogrpaphed from the ferry (Alaska Marine Highway System) from Haines to Juneau, Alaska, USA.
    1906AKH-3573.jpg
  • Chugach Mountains rise beyond a collapsing railway at Independence Mine State Historic Park, 14 miles from Palmer, Alaska, USA. The Independence Mines were a gold mining operation in the Talkeetna Mountains, across Hatcher Pass from Palmer. Independence Mine was the second-largest hard-rock gold mining operation in Alaska, after a larger site near Juneau. Mining here dates back to 1897 around Fishook Creek; these claims joined to form Wasilla Mining Company, which worked the mines from 1934-1943 and again 1948-1950. The company ended operations in 1950 expecting to resume, but never did, thereby well-preserving its mining equipment and buildings for eventual donation to the state in 1980, which established Independence Mine State Historic Park.
    1906AKH-2661.jpg
  • The "Golden Heart Review" musical comedy is held nightly at the Palace Theatre in Gold Rush Town, Pioneer Park (Alaska’s only Historic Theme Park), Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. Through songs and stories, the polished, professional cast covers the historical highlights of Fairbanks, also known as "The Golden Heart City".  Pioneer Park, run by the Fairbanks North Star Borough Department of Parks and Recreation, commemorates early Alaskan history with museums and historic displays. Pioneer Park was opened in 1967 as Alaska 67 Centennial Exposition to celebrate the centennial of the Alaska Purchase. After being given first to the state and then to the city, Mayor Red Boucher renamed the site Alaskaland, which was changed to its present name in 2001.
    1906AKH-1854.jpg
  • Pioneer Air Museum displays the history of interior and arctic Alaskan aviation. Pioneer Park, in Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. Pioneer Park, run by the Fairbanks North Star Borough Department of Parks and Recreation, commemorates early Alaskan history with museums and historic displays. Pioneer Park was opened in 1967 as Alaska 67 Centennial Exposition to celebrate the centennial of the Alaska Purchase. After being given first to the state and then to the city, Mayor Red Boucher renamed the site Alaskaland, which was changed to its present name in 2001. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1906AKH-1751-p1-Pano.jpg
  • Big Delta State Historical Park: Rika's Roadhouse served travelers on the historic Valdez-to-Fairbanks Trail from 1913 to 1947, at a historically important crossing of the Tanana River. Find it off mile 274.5 of the Richardson Highway in Big Delta, in the Southeast Fairbanks Area, Alaska, USA. Jovo 'John' Hajdukovich, an immigrant from Montenegro, had the north-south section of this log structure built in 1913. Starting in 1917, Swedish immigrant Rika Wallen operated this regional hub serving gold stampeders, local hunters, traders, and freighters; and she bought the roadhouse in 1923. With the construction of the ALCAN (now Alaska) Highway and the replacement of the ferry with a bridge downstream, traffic moved away and patronage declined.
    1906AKH-1580.jpg
  • The Black Veterans Memorial Bridge carries the Alaska Highway across the Gerstle River, 29 miles east of Delta Junction, in Alaska, USA. Free camping is available at Gerstle River Wayside just west of the bridge. Originally built in 1944, it is one of four "steel through truss-style" bridges on the Highway. It was renamed the Black Veterans Memorial Bridge in 1993 as a tribute to 3695 soldiers of the Army and the Corps of Engineers for their contribution in building the Alaska Highway. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
    1906AKH-1547-p1-Pano.jpg
  • Decaying wood strip pattern on a cabin window shutter. Chicken, Alaska, USA. Chicken is one of the few surviving gold rush towns in Alaska. Mining and tourism keep it alive in the summer, and about 17 people stay through the winter. Gold miners settling here in the late 1800s wanted to name it after the local ptarmigan birds, but couldn't agree on the spelling, so instead called it Chicken to avoid embarrassment. A portion of Chicken including early 1900s buildings and the F.E. Company Dredge No. 4 (Pedro Dredge) is listed as the Chicken Historic District on the National Register of Historical Places. Chicken can be reached via Chicken Airport or Alaska Route 5, the Taylor Highway, which is not maintained from mid-October through mid-March.
    1906AKH-1518.jpg
  • F.E. Company Dredge No. 4 (Pedro Dredge) ran 1938-1967 near Fairbanks & here in Chicken, Alaska, USA. Chicken is one of the few surviving gold rush towns in Alaska. Mining and tourism keep it alive in the summer, and about 17 people stay through the winter. Gold miners settling here in the late 1800s wanted to name it after the local ptarmigan birds, but couldn't agree on the spelling, so instead called it Chicken to avoid embarrassment. A portion of Chicken including early 1900s buildings and the F.E. Company Dredge No. 4 (Pedro Dredge) is listed as the Chicken Historic District on the National Register of Historical Places. Chicken can be reached via Chicken Airport or Alaska Route 5, the Taylor Highway, which is not maintained from mid-October through mid-March. To license this Copyright photo, please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.
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  • Old rust pattern. Paddlewheel graveyard, Yukon River Campground, Dawson City, Yukon, Canada. Explore the ruins of seven historic paddlewheel boats discarded in the woods along the banks of the Yukon River. Directions: On foot or auto, take the free George Black Ferry to West Dawson and the Top of the World Highway. Turn right into Yukon River campground and park at its northern end. Walk through the yellow gate, turn left, and walk downstream a few minutes to the Paddlewheel graveyard. Please respect this site, which is protected under the Yukon Historic Resources Act. Dawson City was the center of the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–99), after which population rapidly declined, in Yukon, Canada. Dawson City shrank further during World War II after the Alaska Highway bypassed it 300 miles (480 km) to the south using Whitehorse as a hub. In 1953, Whitehorse replaced Dawson City as Yukon Territory's capital. Dawson City's population dropped to 600–900 through the 1960s-1970s, but later increased as high gold prices made modern placer mining operations profitable and tourism was promoted. In Yukon, the Klondike Highway is marked as Yukon Highway 2 to Dawson City.
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  • Old rust pattern. Paddlewheel graveyard, Yukon River Campground, Dawson City, Yukon, Canada. Explore the ruins of seven historic paddlewheel boats discarded in the woods along the banks of the Yukon River. Directions: On foot or auto, take the free George Black Ferry to West Dawson and the Top of the World Highway. Turn right into Yukon River campground and park at its northern end. Walk through the yellow gate, turn left, and walk downstream a few minutes to the Paddlewheel graveyard. Please respect this site, which is protected under the Yukon Historic Resources Act. Dawson City was the center of the Klondike Gold Rush (1896–99), after which population rapidly declined, in Yukon, Canada. Dawson City shrank further during World War II after the Alaska Highway bypassed it 300 miles (480 km) to the south using Whitehorse as a hub. In 1953, Whitehorse replaced Dawson City as Yukon Territory's capital. Dawson City's population dropped to 600–900 through the 1960s-1970s, but later increased as high gold prices made modern placer mining operations profitable and tourism was promoted. In Yukon, the Klondike Highway is marked as Yukon Highway 2 to Dawson City.
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  • The American Scimitar Cat (Homotherium serum) lived in the Yukon and Beringia 80,000–20,000 years ago, and other areas on earth from 4 million–12,000 years ago. (The Scimitar Cat's fangs, or maxillary canine teeth, are shorter than those of the head shown below of a Sabre-toothed Cat, a close relative which has never been found in Beringia.) Yukon Beringia Interpretive Centre, in Whitehorse, capital and largest city of the Yukon, Canada. During the ice ages, Beringia's climate alternated between warm interglacial and cold glacial periods. During glacial periods, sea levels dropped 120 meters, exposing a land bridge that was up to 1000 kilometers (620 miles) wide. Beringia, like most of Siberia and all of North and Northeast China, was a grassland steppe. Fossils found on both sides of the Bering Land Bridge show that since the time of the dinosaurs, it was a major route for the exchange of plants and animals between Asia and North America. Swedish botanist Eric Hultén coined the term Beringia in 1937. Beringia is the land and ocean area bounded on the west by the Lena River in Russia; on the east by the Mackenzie River in Canada; on the north by 72 degrees north latitude in the Chukchi Sea; and on the south by the tip of the Kamchatka Peninsula. It includes the Chukchi Sea, the Bering Sea, the Bering Strait, the Chukchi and Kamchatka Peninsulas in Russia plus Alaska in the United States.
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  • Trapper George Johnston bought his dream car in 1928, a four cylinder Model AB Chevrolet sedan, shipped by steamer from Whitehorse several hundred miles via the Yukon and Teslin Rivers to Teslin village. The local Taylor & Drury store fueled it with naphtha. At first, his only road was 78 miles of frozen Taslin Lake. For his taxi service in Teslin, George Johnston built a 3- to 5-mile road, which later became part of the Alaska Highway. The car is now displayed in the George Johnston Museum, Alaska Highway, Teslin, Yukon, Canada. The Alaska Highway was built as a military road during World War II in just 9 months in 1942, to link existing airfields via Canada to the territory of Alaska. The ALCAN Highway (a military acronym for Alaska-Canada) opened to the public in 1948. It begins in Dawson Creek, British Columbia, and runs via Whitehorse, Yukon to Delta Junction, Alaska. The "Alaskan Highway" is comprised of British Columbia Highway 97, Yukon Highway 1 and Alaska Route 2. While the ALCAN measured 2700 kilometers (1700 mi) upon completion in 1942, by 2012 it was rerouted and shortened to 2232 km (1387 mi). Once legendary for being a rough, challenging drive, the highway is now paved over its entire length. Delta Junction, at the end of the highway, claims "Historic Milepost 1422" where the Alaska Highway meets the Richardson Highway, which continues 96 mi (155 km) to the city of Fairbanks at Historic Milepost 1520, often (but unofficially) regarded as the northern portion of the Alaska Highway (although its Mileposts are measured from Valdez).
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  • The flag of British Columbia is based upon the shield of the provincial arms of British Columbia. At the top of the flag is the Royal Union Flag centered by a crown. The setting sun represents BC's location in western Canada. The four wavy white and three wavy blue lines symbolize being located between the Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Ocean.  Photo is from Meziadin Lake Provincial Park, in British Columbia, Canada. It sits 40 miles (64 km) east of Stewart; inland from Bear Pass. A beautiful mountain lake, surrounded by forest, it is also defined to the west by a ridge a tall mountains of the Coast Range. The scenic Stewart–Cassiar Highway (Highway 37, aka Dease Lake Highway or Stikine Highway) is the northwesternmost highway in BC.
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  • 1882 St. Paul's Anglican (Episcopal) Church, in Kitwanga or Gitwangak (or Gitwangax, "people of the place of rabbits" in the Gitxsan language), in British Columbia, Canada. Kitwanga is at the southern end of the scenic Stewart–Cassiar Highway (Highway 37, aka Dease Lake Highway or Stikine Highway, the northwesternmost highway in BC), just 4 km north of the Yellowhead Highway (Hwy 16). A long-standing village before contact, Kitwanga is within Gitwangak Indian Reserve No. 1.
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  • A newly carved totem pole awaits finishing touches. The nonprofit 'Ksan Historical Village is a living museum of the Gitxsan Indigenous people, reconstructed in 1970 in the Skeena Country of Northwestern British Columbia, Canada. See impressive cultural artworks painted on longhouses and carved in totem poles. 'Ksan is near Hazelton at the confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers on Gitxsan territory. 'Ksan was founded in 1866 (before Hazelton) and was populated by the Gitxsan Indigenous people.
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  • A boy's vest and sweater are laid on a bed in Dr. Watt's residence, built in 1900. Barkerville Historic Town & Park, British Columbia, Canada. Historically the main town of the Cariboo Gold Rush, Barkerville is now the largest living-history museum in Western North America. The town was named after Billy Barker from Cambridgeshire, England, who struck gold here in 1861, and his claim became the richest and the most famous. This National Historic Site nestles in the Cariboo Mountains at elevation 1200m (4000ft), at the end of BC Highway 26, 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Quesnel. Gold here was first discovered at Hills Bar in 1858, followed by other strikes in 1859 and 1860. Wide publication of these discoveries in 1861 began the Cariboo Gold Rush, which reached full swing by 1865 following strikes along Williams Creek.
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  • Pots on old wood-fired stove. Barkerville Historic Town & Park, British Columbia, Canada. Historically the main town of the Cariboo Gold Rush, Barkerville is now the largest living-history museum in Western North America. The town was named after Billy Barker from Cambridgeshire, England, who struck gold here in 1861, and his claim became the richest and the most famous. This National Historic Site nestles in the Cariboo Mountains at elevation 1200m (4000ft), at the end of BC Highway 26, 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Quesnel. Gold here was first discovered at Hills Bar in 1858, followed by other strikes in 1859 and 1860. Wide publication of these discoveries in 1861 began the Cariboo Gold Rush, which reached full swing by 1865 following strikes along Williams Creek.
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  • An actor plays Billy Barker in Barkerville Historic Town & Park, British Columbia, Canada. Historically the main town of the Cariboo Gold Rush, Barkerville is now the largest living-history museum in Western North America. The town was named after Billy Barker from Cambridgeshire, England, who struck gold here in 1861, and his claim became the richest and the most famous. This National Historic Site nestles in the Cariboo Mountains at elevation 1200m (4000ft), at the end of BC Highway 26, 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Quesnel. Gold here was first discovered at Hills Bar in 1858, followed by other strikes in 1859 and 1860. Wide publication of these discoveries in 1861 began the Cariboo Gold Rush, which reached full swing by 1865 following strikes along Williams Creek. To license this Copyright photo, please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.
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  • Wendle House. Barkerville Historic Town & Park, British Columbia, Canada. Historically the main town of the Cariboo Gold Rush, Barkerville is now the largest living-history museum in Western North America. The town was named after Billy Barker from Cambridgeshire, England, who struck gold here in 1861, and his claim became the richest and the most famous. This National Historic Site nestles in the Cariboo Mountains at elevation 1200m (4000ft), at the end of BC Highway 26, 80 kilometres (50 mi) east of Quesnel. Gold here was first discovered at Hills Bar in 1858, followed by other strikes in 1859 and 1860. Wide publication of these discoveries in 1861 began the Cariboo Gold Rush, which reached full swing by 1865 following strikes along Williams Creek.
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  • "The mother looks to the future while the new child looks at her with trust." Hidari Jingoro may have carved these panels to incorporate Confucius's Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man's life cycle. Art work on storehouse in Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • Wood dragon sculpture. Kiyomizu-dera ("Pure Water Temple") is an independent Buddhist temple in eastern Kyoto, Japan. Otowa-san Kiyomizu-dera temple is part of the Historic Monuments of Ancient Kyoto (Kyoto, Uji and Otsu Cities) UNESCO World Heritage site. Kiyomizu-dera was founded on the site of the Otowa Waterfall in the early Heian period, in 780 by Sakanoue no Tamuramaro. Ordered by Tokugawa Iemitsu, its present buildings were built entirely without nails in 1633.
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  • Fall foliage colors at Ginkaku-ji ("Temple of the Silver Pavilion"), officially named Jisho-ji ("Temple of Shining Mercy"). Ginkaku-ji is a Zen temple along Kyoto's eastern mountains (Higashiyama), in Japan. Despite its name, Silver Pavilion was never covered in silver, though silvery moon light reflecting off its former black lacquer may explain its name. In 1482, shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa built his retirement villa on the grounds of today's temple, modeling it after Kinkakuji (Golden Pavilion), his grandfather's retirement villa at the base of Kyoto's northern mountains (Kitayama). The villa was converted into a Zen temple after Yoshimasa's death in 1490.
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  • Rooftop fish sculpture "for fire protection" on Himeji Castle, built 1609, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. Himeji Castle is both a national treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Unlike many other Japanese castles, it was never destroyed by war, earthquake or fire and survives to this day as one of the country's twelve original castles. History: Starting as forts built in 1333 and 1346, Himeji Castle (aka White Heron Castle or White Egret Castle) was remodeled in 1561, remodeled in 1581, enlarged in 1609 to its present complex, extensively repaired in 1956, and renovated in 2009-15. Displayed inside are historic samurai armour and swords. From the upper floors, view fish-shaped roof ornaments that are believed to protect from fire. Across the moat, visit Koko-en, a pleasing reconstruction of former samurai quarters, nine Edo period homes, plus movie-set gardens. Himeji Castle starred in the 1967 James Bond movie "You Only Live Twice"; in Akira Kurosawa's 1980 film "Kagemusha" and 1985 "Ran"; and in the 1980 television miniseries Shogun (portraying feudal Osaka castle). By train, Himeji is 3 hours round trip from Kyoto.
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  • Kondo (Main Hall) at Horyuji Temple, Nara Prefecture, Japan. Horyu-ji Temple was founded in 607 by Prince Shotoku, an early promoter of Buddhism in Japan. The Kondo (Main Hall) was rebuilt in 1954 after a 1949 fire destroyed 80-85% of its wood. Horyuji Temple was founded in 607 by Prince Shotoku, an early promoter of Buddhism in Japan. Horyuji is one of the country's oldest temples and contains the world's oldest surviving wooden structures. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1993.
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  • Red Japanese lanterns line steps up to Kurama-dera. Kurama-dera is a peaceful Buddhist temple along the steep wooded mountainside above the rural town of Kurama, in the northern mountains of Kyoto City (Kyoto-fu), Japan. A cablecar takes you halfway up the mountain.  In September 2018, a typhoon snapped trees and extensively damaged the grounds of Kurama Temple. During our visit in November, the cablecar was required to reach walking trails to the main hall; and the steep 1-hour hiking trail between Kurama and Kibune was closed until further notice.
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  • Bridge over pond in Gonaitei Garden at Otsunegoten (Imperial Residential Palace) in Kyoto Imperial Palace (Kyoto Gosho), the residence of Japan's Imperial Family until 1868, when the emperor and capital were moved from Kyoto to Tokyo. Kyoto Gosho is within spacious Kyoto Imperial Park (Kyoto Gyoen National Garden) which also encompasses Sento Imperial Palace. The current Imperial Palace was reconstructed in 1855 after it had burnt down and moved around town repeatedly over the centuries. The complex is enclosed by long walls and has several gates, halls and gardens. The enthronement ceremonies of Emperors Taisho and Showa were held in the palace's main hall. Tokyo Imperial Palace is now used for enthronement ceremonies. The palace grounds (but not the buildings) can now be entered and explored without joining a tour and without any prior arrangements. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • Stone steps & walls. Nijo Castle (Nijo-jo) was built in 1603 as the Kyoto residence of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the first shogun of the Edo Period (1603-1867). His grandson Iemitsu completed the castle's palace buildings 23 years later and further expanded the castle by adding a five-story castle keep. After the Tokugawa Shogunate fell in 1867, Nijo Castle was used as an imperial palace for a while before being donated to the city and opened to the public as a historic site. Its palace buildings are some of the best surviving examples of castle palace architecture of Japan's feudal era, and the castle was designated a UNESCO world heritage site in 1994.
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  • Kitano Tenmangu Shrine is dedicated to Sugawara Michizane, a scholar and politician who was unfairly exiled by his political rivals. A number of disasters were attributed to Michizane's vengeful spirit after his death in exile, and these shrines were built to appease him. Kyoto, Japan.
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  • Ancient trees on a Kumano Kodo pilgrimage route. Kumano Nachi Taisha shrine was built in homage to Nachi-no-Taki waterfall's kami (spirit god). Don't miss the iconic view of thundering Nachi-no-Taki waterfall (133m, Japan's tallest) paired with Seigantoji pagoda, in Nachikatsuura, Higashimuro District, Wakayama Prefecture, Japan. Kumano Nachi Taisha shrine fuses Buddhist and Shinto influences along the 1000+ year pilgrimage routes of Kumano Kodo. The "Sacred Sites and Pilgrimage Routes in the Kii Mountain Range" form an impressive entry on UNESCO's List of World Heritage Sites. Access: by bus from Nachi Station (20 min) or Kii-Katsuura Station (30 min). Ask driver to stop at base of the Daimonzaka trail ("Daimonzaka" stop); or at the entrance to Nachi Waterfall ("Taki-mae"); or at the bus terminus 10 minutes climb below Nachi Shrine ("Nachi-san"). Cars can park at Seigantoji Temple. I recommend this remarkably scenic, short walk (3.5 km with 265 meters gain): starting from Daimon-zaka bus stop, ascend a stone-paved path, humbled by massive evergreens, up to the gates of Nachi Taisha shrine; then descend to the falls, at Taki-mae bus stop.
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  • Lit at night, Matsumoto Castle reflects in the moat by its red bridge. The castle was built from 1592-1614 in Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain, in Matsumoto. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city.
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  • Stairs inside Matsumoto Castle, built 1592-1614. Matsumoto, Nagano Prefecture, Japan. Matsumoto Castle is a "hirajiro" - a castle built on plains rather than on a hill or mountain. Matsumotojo's main castle keep and its smaller, second donjon were built from 1592 to 1614, well-fortified as peace was not yet fully achieved at the time. In 1635, when military threats had ceased, a third, barely defended turret and another for moon viewing were added to the castle. Interesting features of the castle include steep wooden stairs, openings to drop stones onto invaders, openings for archers, as well as an observation deck at the top, sixth floor of the main keep with views over the Matsumoto city.
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  • Chureito Pagoda, Fujiyoshida city, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. This five storied pagoda overlooks Fujiyoshida City. In clear weather it offers iconic views combined with Mount Fuji in the distance. The pagoda is part of the Arakura Sengen Shrine and was built as a peace memorial in 1963, nearly 400 steps up the mountain from the shrine's main buildings.
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  • Chureito Pagoda, Fujiyoshida city, Yamanashi Prefecture, Japan. This five storied pagoda overlooks Fujiyoshida City. In clear weather it offers iconic views combined with Mount Fuji in the distance. The pagoda is part of the Arakura Sengen Shrine and was built as a peace memorial in 1963, nearly 400 steps up the mountain from the shrine's main buildings.
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  • Ornate wood bird carving at 1600s Toshogu Shrine in Nikko, a UNESCO World Heritage site in Japan. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Countless wood carvings and large amounts of gold leaf were used to decorate the buildings in a way not seen elsewhere in Japan. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • The Sleeping Cat Carving (Nemurineko) protects the entrance gate to the grave of Lord Tokugawa Ieyasu. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Countless wood carvings and large amounts of gold leaf were used to decorate the buildings in a way not seen elsewhere in Japan. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • The maxim "see no evil, hear no evil, speak no evil" was popularized from the 1600s carving of the proverbial three wise monkeys on a storehouse in Toshogu shrine in Nikko, Japan. One interpretation is to be of good mind, speech and action. But in the Western world, the phrase often refers to those who deal with impropriety by turning a blind eye. The monkeys are Japanese macaques, a common species in Japan. The three monkeys are Mizaru, covering his eyes, who sees no evil; Kikazaru, covering his ears, who hears no evil; and Iwazaru, covering his mouth, who speaks no evil. Outside of Japan, the last two of the monkeys' names have sometimes been corrupted, resulting in Mizaru, Mikazaru and Mazaru. Hidari Jingoro may have carved these panels to incorporate Confucius's Code of Conduct, using the monkey as a way to depict man's life cycle. Out of eight panels, the iconic three wise monkeys are panel 2. The philosophy likely originated with a Tendai-Buddhist legend, from China in the 700s (Nara Period). The figures may represent the three dogmas of the so-called middle school of the sect. Toshogu Shrine is the final resting place of Tokugawa Ieyasu, the founder of the Tokugawa Shogunate that ruled Japan for over 250 years until 1868. Ieyasu is enshrined at Toshogu as the deity Tosho Daigongen, "Great Deity of the East Shining Light". Initially a relatively simple mausoleum, Toshogu was enlarged into the spectacular complex seen today by Ieyasu's grandson Iemitsu during the first half of the 1600s. The lavishly decorated shrine complex consists of more than a dozen buildings set in a beautiful forest. Toshogu contains both Shinto and Buddhist elements, as was common until the Meiji Period when Shinto was deliberately separated from Buddhism. Toshogu is part of Shrines and Temples of Nikko UNESCO World Heritage site.
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  • In Ogimachi, the peaceful Gassho-zukuri Minka-en Outdoor Museum displays farmhouses relocated from surrounding villages. Ogimachi is the largest village and main attraction of the Shirakawa-go region, in Ono District, Gifu Prefecture, Japan. Declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995, Ogimachi village hosts several dozen well preserved gassho-zukuri farmhouses, some more than 250 years old. Gassho-zukuri means "constructed like hands in prayer", as the farmhouses' steep thatched roofs resemble the hands of Buddhist monks pressed together in prayer. Their thick roofs, made without nails, are designed withstand harsh, snowy winters and to protect a large attic space that was formerly used to cultivate silkworms. Many of the farmhouses are now restaurants, museums or minshuku lodging.
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  • Artwork inside Desert View Watchtower, in Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA. The artwork on the lower gallery (the first landing) represents the physical and spiritual origins of Hopi life, as painted by Fred Kabotie, a Hopi from second Mesa. Desert View Watchtower was built by architect Mary Colter in 1932.  Inspired by the architecture of the ancestral Puebloan people of the Colorado Plateau, Mary Colter modelled the tower after Hovenweep and the Round Tower of Mesa Verde, plus she integrated works by other artists. Th
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  • Desert View Watchtower was built by architect Mary Colter in 1932. Inspired by the architecture of the ancestral Puebloan people of the Colorado Plateau, she modelled the tower after Hovenweep and the Round Tower of Mesa Verde, and she integrated works by other artists. Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, USA.
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  • The 1893 wood stake ladder for the first ascent of Devils Tower (by Willard Ripley) was restored 1972. The last known use of the ladder was in 1927 by daredevil Babe "The Fly" White. In 1972, the Park Service removed what was left of the bottom section, and restored the top 140 feet of the ladder, shown here. Devils Tower is a butte of intrusive igneous rock exposed by erosion in the Bear Lodge Mountains, part of the Black Hills, in Devils Tower National Monument, near Hulett and Sundance in Crook County, Wyoming, USA. Devils Tower (aka Bear Lodge Butte) rises dramatically 1267 feet above the Belle Fourche River, standing 867 feet from base to summit, at 5112 feet above sea level. Devils Tower was the first United States National Monument, established on September 24, 1906 by President Theodore Roosevelt.
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  • Gateway Arch in St. Louis, Missouri, USA. Clad in stainless steel and built in the form of a weighted catenary arch, Gateway Arch is the world's tallest arch (630 feet high), the tallest man-made monument in the Western Hemisphere and Missouri's tallest accessible building. Built as a monument to the westward expansion of the United States, and officially dedicated to the American people, it is the centerpiece of the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial. The Arch was designed by Finnish-American architect Eero Saarinen in 1947. It was built 1963-1965 at the site of St. Louis' founding on the west bank of the Mississippi River and opened to the public in 1967. (Although built to last for ages, it is eventually susceptible to a tornado impact which could rip off the upper two-thirds.)
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  • Yellow fall colors at Ashcroft ghost town, 1880s silver mining buildings, near Aspen, Colorado, USA. Ashcroft ghost town was a short-lived 1880s silver mining settlement, ten miles south of Aspen, in White River National Forest. Shallow silver deposits, high transportation costs, and competition from richer lower-elevation mines in Aspen caused Ashcroft's 1880 mining boom to go bust by 1883. The silver market crash of 1893 ultimately destroyed the town's prospects. Its peak population of 2000+ plummeted to 100 by 1895. Today more people visit Ashcroft each summer than ever lived here. Founded at 9500 feet elevation, Ashcroft was originally called Castle Forks City, then Chloride until 1882. This image was stitched from multiple overlapping photos.
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  • McCaig's Tower rises prominently on Battery Hill overlooking the town of Oban in Argyll, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. It is built of Bonawe granite with a circumference of 200 meters with two-tiers of 94 lancet arches. The structure was commissioned by the wealthy, philanthropic banker (North of Scotland Bank), John Stuart McCaig, his own architect. The tower was built between 1897 and his death in 1902, intended as a lasting monument to McCaig's family and as employment for local stonemasons during winter. As an admirer of Roman and Greek architecture, McCaig had planned for an elaborate structure based on the Colosseum in Rome, but only the outer walls were completed. Oban is an important tourism hub and Caledonian MacBrayne (Calmac) ferry port, protected by the island of Kerrera and Isle of Mull, in the Firth of Lorn.
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  • Rock pattern in Callanish Standing Stones. Erected 4600 years ago, the Callanish Standing Stones are one of the most spectacular megalithic monuments in Scotland. The main site known as "Callanish I" forms a cross with a central stone circle erected circa 2900-2600 BC. More lines of stones were added by 2000 BC (the close of the Neolithic era), and it become a focus for rituals during the Bronze Age. From 1500-1000 BC, farmers emptied the burials and ploughed the area. After from 800 BC, peat accumulated 1.5 meters deep and buried the stones until removed in 1857. Visit this spectacular ancient site near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: Calanais), on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Erected 4600 years ago, the Callanish Standing Stones are one of the most spectacular megalithic monuments in Scotland. The main site known as "Callanish I" forms a cross with a central stone circle erected circa 2900-2600 BC. More lines of stones were added by 2000 BC (the close of the Neolithic era), and it become a focus for rituals during the Bronze Age. From 1500-1000 BC, farmers emptied the burials and ploughed the area. After from 800 BC, peat accumulated 1.5 meters deep and buried the stones until removed in 1857. Visit this spectacular ancient site near the village of Callanish (Gaelic: Calanais), on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
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  • Across the street from Arnol Blackhouse, visit a furnished 1920s whitehouse. These new crofthouses were so different and bright inside that they were nicknamed "whitehouses," which led to the nickname "blackhouses" for the older 1800s antiquated structures. Evolving health regulations in the early 1900s demanded that livestock be housed separately, so "whitehouses" were built with several chimneys, single-thickness walls cemented with lime mortar, wallpaper, lino floors, and separate barn and byre (cowshed). Visit Arnol village on the Isle of Lewis, Outer Hebrides (Western Isles), Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Princes Street: Balmoral Hotel. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
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  • Scottish Parliament Building was opened 2004 in the Holyrood area of the capital city of Scotland, Edinburgh, in the United Kingdom, Europe. The abstract modernist structure was designed by Catalan architect Enric Miralles (1955–2000). Scottish Parliament had previously dropped out of existence from 1707 through 1999. The original Parliament of Scotland was the national legislature of the independent Kingdom of Scotland, existing from the early 1200s until the Kingdom of Scotland merged with the Kingdom of England under the Acts of Union 1707 to form the Kingdom of Great Britain. Scottish Parliament disappeared with the creation of the Parliament of Great Britain at Westminster in London. Following a Scottish referendum in 1997, the current Parliament was convened by the Scotland Act 1998, which sets out its powers as a devolved legislature, which first met in 1999. The Scottish Parliament has the power to legislate in all areas that are not explicitly reserved to Westminster.
    17SC1-4456_Scotland.jpg
  • In a large painting in St Giles' Cathedral, a Scottish unicorn paired with an English lion defines the coat of arms of James VI, as the first king of Great Britain and Ireland. What's with the unicorn? Unicorns were first depicted in 2600 BC in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and were mentioned by the ancient Greeks. In Celtic mythology the unicorn symbolized purity, innocence, masculinity and power. The proud, haughty unicorn was chosen as Scotland's national animal because it would rather die than be captured, just as Scots would fight to remain sovereign and unconquered. The unicorn was first used on the Scottish royal coat of arms by William I in the 1100s, and two unicorns supported the shield until 1603. When James VI became James I of England and Ireland in 1603, he replaced one unicorn with the national animal of England, the lion, to demonstrate unity. Believed to be the strongest of all animals, wild and untamed, the mythical unicorn could only be humbled by a virgin maiden. However, Scotland's unicorn in the coat of arms is always bounded by a golden chain, often shown around its neck and body, symbolizing the power of the Scottish kings, strong enough to tame a unicorn. Today, the version of the royal coat of arms used in Scotland emphasizes Scottish elements, placing the unicorn on the left and giving it a crown, whereas the version used in England and elsewhere places the unicorn on the right and gives English elements more prominence. The Scottish version uses the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit," meaning "No one wounds (touches) me with impunity." The English version says "Dieu et mon droit," meaning "God and my right," the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom. St Giles' Cathedral (High Kirk of Edinburgh) is the principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh.
    17SC1-4401_Scotland.jpg
  • In a large painting in St Giles' Cathedral, a Scottish unicorn paired with an English lion defines the coat of arms of James VI, as the first king of Great Britain and Ireland. What's with the unicorn? Unicorns were first depicted in 2600 BC in ancient seals of the Indus Valley Civilization and were mentioned by the ancient Greeks. In Celtic mythology the unicorn symbolized purity, innocence, masculinity and power. The proud, haughty unicorn was chosen as Scotland's national animal because it would rather die than be captured, just as Scots would fight to remain sovereign and unconquered. The unicorn was first used on the Scottish royal coat of arms by William I in the 1100s, and two unicorns supported the shield until 1603. When James VI became James I of England and Ireland in 1603, he replaced one unicorn with the national animal of England, the lion, to demonstrate unity. Believed to be the strongest of all animals, wild and untamed, the mythical unicorn could only be humbled by a virgin maiden. However, Scotland's unicorn in the coat of arms is always bounded by a golden chain, often shown around its neck and body, symbolizing the power of the Scottish kings, strong enough to tame a unicorn. Today, the version of the royal coat of arms used in Scotland emphasizes Scottish elements, placing the unicorn on the left and giving it a crown, whereas the version used in England and elsewhere places the unicorn on the right and gives English elements more prominence. The Scottish version uses the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit," meaning "No one wounds (touches) me with impunity." The English version says "Dieu et mon droit," meaning "God and my right," the motto of the Monarch of the United Kingdom. St Giles' Cathedral (High Kirk of Edinburgh) is the principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh.
    17SC1-4398_Scotland.jpg
  • Vaulted blue ceiling of St Giles' Cathedral (High Kirk of Edinburgh), the principal place of worship of the Church of Scotland in Edinburgh. Its distinctive crown steeple is a prominent feature of the city skyline, at about a third of the way down the Royal Mile. The church has been one of Edinburgh's religious focal points for approximately 900 years. The present church dates from the late 1300s, though it was extensively restored in the 1800s. Today it is sometimes regarded as the "Mother Church of Presbyterianism." The cathedral is dedicated to Saint Giles, who is the patron saint of Edinburgh, as well as of cripples and lepers, and was a very popular saint in the Middle Ages. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-4358-60-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • The Writers' Museum is housed in Lady Stair's House built in 1622 at the Lawnmarket, on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh. It presents the lives of three of the foremost Scottish writers: Robert Burns, Sir Walter Scott and Robert Louis Stevenson. Run by the City of Edinburgh Council, the collection includes portraits, works and personal objects. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, located in Lothian on the Firth of Forth, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-4340_Scotland.jpg
  • Cobbled road to the summit of Castle Rock inside Edinburgh Castle. Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, in Lothian on the Firth of Forth's southern shore, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-4281-83-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • The Culloden Battlefield visitor center is run by the National Trust for Scotland, near Inverness, United Kingdom, Europe. The Battle of Culloden on 16 April 1746 was part of a religious civil war in Britain and was the final confrontation of the Jacobite rising of 1745. It was the last pitched battle on British soil, and in less than an hour about 1500 men were slain – more than 1000 of them Jacobites. After an unsuccessful Highland charge against the government lines, the Jacobites were routed and driven from the field. Today, strong feelings are still aroused by the battle and the brutal aftermath of weakening Gaelic culture and undermining the Scottish clan system. Three miles south of Culloden village is Drumossie Moor, often called Culloden Moor, site of the battle. Culloden is in Scotland 5 miles east of Inverness, off the A9/B9006, directed by brown signs.
    17SC1-4177_Scotland.jpg
  • Inverness Castle overlooks the River Ness, in Inverness, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. The red sandstone structure was built in 1836 by architect William Burn on the site of an 11th-century fort. Today, it houses Inverness Sheriff Court. In April 2017 the north tower of the castle was opened to the public as a view point.
    17SC1-4060_Scotland.jpg
  • The Skye Museum of Island Life preserves a township of thatched cottages as they would have been in the late 1800s on the Isle of Skye, in Kilmuir village, the Trotternish peninsula, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Skye is the largest and northernmost of the major islands in the Inner Hebrides.
    17SC1-3248_Scotland.jpg
  • Sligachan Old Bridge and Black Cuillin mountain range on Isle of Skye, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-2747-51-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • Sligachan Old Bridge and Black Cuillin mountain range on Isle of Skye, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-2743_Scotland.jpg
  • Sunset at Eilean Donan Castle, in Kintail National Scenic Area, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. This picturesque island stronghold sits where three sea lochs meet at the village of Dornie in the western Highlands (Loch Duich, Loch Long, and Loch Alsh). Since restoration of the 1200s castle in the early 1900s, a footbridge connects the island to the mainland. The island is named after Donnán of Eigg, a Celtic saint martyred in 617. The castle was founded in the 1200s and became a stronghold of the Clan Mackenzie and their allies the Clan Macrae. In the early 1700s, the Mackenzies' involvement in the Jacobite rebellions led in 1719 to the castle's destruction by government ships. Lieutenant-Colonel John Macrae-Gilstrap's 1920-32 reconstruction of the ruins made the present buildings. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-2605-22-Pano-Edit_Scotland.jpg
  • Robert Roy MacGregor (1671-1734) was a Scottish outlaw, who later became a folk hero. Statue in Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-2263_Scotland.jpg
  • The 1869 National Wallace Monument stands on Abbey Craig overlooking Stirling, commemorating Sir William Wallace, a 1200s Scottish hero. Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130.
    17SC1-2257_Scotland.jpg
  • The Great Hall in Stirling Castle was the largest medieval banqueting room ever built in Scotland. The Great Hall was thoroughly rebuilt 1969-1999, including timber from 350 Strathyre oak trees pinned together with 4000 handmade pegs for the hammerbeam roof. Originally completed for James IV in 1503, it has four pairs of tall windows at the dais end, where the king and queen sat, and was heated by five large fireplaces. In 1594, for the baptism of his son Prince Henry, James VI held a banquet here so lavish that the fish course was served from an enormous model wooden ship 18 feet long with masts 40 feet high, complete with firing cannons. Historically, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, serving as both a palace and a fortress. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle has suffered at least eight sieges, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence. This image was stitched from several overlapping photos.
    17SC1-2184-86-Pano_Scotland.jpg
  • Dancing putto, boy symbol of love & frivolity, 1 of 37 carved replica Stirling Heads at Stirling Castle in Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Putti (plural) are traditionally associated with Cupid, the Roman god of love, and often signified the triumph of divine love, as in a royal marriage. The King's Inner Hall at Stirling Castle has a ceiling of 37 carved replica Stirling Heads, originally designed for James V and finished by his widow Mary of Guise in the 1540s.
    17SC1-2144_Scotland.jpg
  • A cemetery in Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe.
    17SC1-2061_Scotland.jpg
  • Medieval street in Stirling, Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Once the capital of Scotland, Stirling is visually dominated by Stirling Castle, in the United Kingdom, Europe. Historically, Stirling controlled a strategic position (until the 1890s) as the lowest bridging point of the River Forth before it broadens towards the Firth of Forth, making it the gateway to the Scottish Highlands. One of the principal royal strongholds of the Kingdom of Scotland, Stirling was created a royal burgh by King David I in 1130. Stirling Castle sits atop Castle Hill, an intrusive crag, which forms part of the Stirling Sill geological formation. Most of the stronghold's main buildings date from the 1400s and 1500s, when it peaked in importance. The outer defences fronting the town date from the early 1700s. Before the union with England, Stirling Castle was also one of the most used of the many Scottish royal residences, serving as both a palace and a fortress. Several Scottish Kings and Queens have been crowned at Stirling, including Mary, Queen of Scots in 1542, and others were born or died there. Stirling Castle has suffered at least eight sieges, including several during the Wars of Scottish Independence, with the last being in 1746, when Bonnie Prince Charlie unsuccessfully tried to take the castle.
    17SC1-2034_Scotland.jpg
  • Hanging flower pots at Comlongon's 1902 Edwardian hotel. Comlongon Castle is a restored Medieval Scottish tower house dating from the late 1400s. Guests can stay in the attached Edwardian hotel, a baronial style mansion built 1900-02, set in 120 acres of manicured gardens, sweeping lawns, carp pond, lakes and woodlands, near Clarencefield and Dumfries, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Originally built by the Murrays of Cockpool, Comlongon Castle remained in the Murray family until 1984. The castle is 50 feet square and stands 70 feet high, with walls over 4 meters thick, with impressive displays of weapons, armor and banners.
    17SC1-1209_Scotland.jpg
  • Swords. Comlongon Castle is a restored Medieval Scottish tower house dating from the late 1400s. Guests can stay in the attached Edwardian hotel, a baronial style mansion built 1900-02, set in 120 acres of manicured gardens, sweeping lawns, carp pond, lakes and woodlands, near Clarencefield and Dumfries, in southwest Scotland, United Kingdom, Europe. Originally built by the Murrays of Cockpool, Comlongon Castle remained in the Murray family until 1984. The castle is 50 feet square and stands 70 feet high, with walls over 4 meters thick, with impressive displays of weapons, armor and banners.
    17SC1-1090_Scotland.jpg
  • Visit spectacular Whitby Abbey which dates from 657-1538 AD, in the fishing port of Whitby, in North Yorkshire county, England, United Kingdom, Europe. This Christian monastery later became a Benedictine abbey, which was confiscated by the crown during the Dissolution of the Monasteries under Henry VIII in 1537-8. The abbey church overlooks the North Sea on East Cliff above Whitby. Whitby Abbey became famous in fiction by Bram Stoker's 1897 novel Dracula, as Dracula came ashore as a creature resembling a large dog who climbed the dramatic 199 steps leading to the ruins above the Esk River. England Coast to Coast hike day 13 of 14. [This image, commissioned by Wilderness Travel, is not available to any other agency providing group travel in the UK, but may otherwise be licensable from Tom Dempsey – please inquire at PhotoSeek.com.]
    17UK-6743_England.jpg
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