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  • Meeting a friendly Turkish family in Amasya, Central Turkey. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. For licensing options, please inquire.
    99TUR-33-34-Friendly-Turks-Carol.jpg
  • Dancers perform the Spoon Dance, which is a tradition from Konya to Silifke in the Republic of Turkey. Image published in the travel handbook "Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast" by Jessica Tamtürk, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2010.
    99TURC-09-18-Spoon-Dance-Kasik-Oyonu.jpg
  • Silhouettes of four photographers at sunrise on Mount Nemrut, in the Republic of Turkey. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    99TUR-48-29-photographer-silhouettes.jpg
  • Sultanahmet (or Blue) Mosque interior and ceiling, was built 1609-1616 in Istanbul (?stanbul), in the present-day Republic of Turkey. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    99TUR-08-36-Blue-Mosque-interior.jpg
  • Meeting a friendly Turkish family in Amasya, Central Turkey. Published in Sierra Magazine, Sierra Club Outings January/February 2001.
    99TUR-33-nn-Turkish-family.jpg
  • Santa Barbara Chapel in Goreme, Nevsehir Province (Nev?ehir in Turkish), a region referred to as Cappadocia by Christian tourists, in the Republic of Turkey. This early Christian cave church was carved into volcanic tuff, and the red ceiling artwork dates from about 1000 AD. Image published in the travel handbook "Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast" 2010 and "Moon Spotlight Cappadocia: Including Ankara" 2011 by Jessica Tamtürk, Avalon Travel Publishing.
    99TUR-28-18_Goreme_Santa-Barbara-Cav...jpg
  • Lycian tombs (or necropoli) from about 400 BCE can be seen by boat on the Dalyan Çay? River, above the ancient harbor city of Caunos, on the Turquoise Coast, near the town of Koycegiz, in southwest Turkey. Dalyan means "fishing weir" in Turkish. The Dalyan Delta, with a long, golden sandy beach at its mouth, is a nature conservation area and a refuge for sea turtles (Caretta caretta) and blue crabs. Image published in the travel handbook "Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast" by Jessica Tamtürk, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2010.
    99TUR-16-21-Lycian-tombs_Dalyan-Rive...jpg
  • A six-foot tall head of Zeus commemorates the lofty aspirations of pre-Roman King Antiochus (64-38 BC) at Mount Nimrod (Nemrut Dagi in Turkish), near Malatya, Turkey. Earthquakes toppled the stone heads from seated bodies long ago, but Mount Nemrut National Park may restore the site. Published in Wilderness Travel 2003 Catalog of Adventures, and in Sierra Magazine, Sierra Club Outings January/February 2001. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    99TUR-47-21-Carved-rock-Zeus-head.jpg
  • Ephesus, Turkey: the Library of Celsus, built in 114 AD, was named in honor of a Roman .governor of Asia Minor (Anatolia). The nearby goddess sanctuary helped Ephesus become a prosperous port and cultural center by 600 BCE. At various times, Ephesus was controlled by Lydia (King Croesus), Persians, Hellenists (Ancient Greeks from Athens), Alexander the Great (334 BC), and eventually it became capital (population 250,000) of the Roman Province of Asia Minor. Published in the travel handbook "Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast" by Jessica Tamtürk, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2010. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010. test
    99TUR-13-15_Ephesus-Library-of-Celsu...jpg
  • The tunnels and windows of the Castle of Uchisar (Üçhisar) were carved from a natural pinnacle of volcanic tuff (hardened ash layers) in the 15th and 16th centuries by the Byzantine army, when the region was on the frontline in wars against the Islamic Caliphate. This hill, the highest point in Cappadocia, is located between the cities of Nevsehir, Urgup and Avanos (Nev?ehir, Ürgüp in Turkish) in Nevsehir Province in the Republic of Turkey. Published in Sierra Magazine, Sierra Club Outings January/February 2001.
    99TUR-29-33_Uchisar-Castle_Cappadoci...jpg
  • Visitors walk beneath Corinthian order columns at the Great Theatre of Ephesus, in the Republic of Turkey. Published in the travel handbook "Moon Istanbul & the Turkish Coast" by Jessica Tamtürk, Avalon Travel Publishing, 2010. The Great Theatre of Ephesus, the largest outdoor theatre in the ancient world, was begun during Hellenistic times (probably during the reign of Lysimachos in the third century BC), and was altered and enlarged from 41-117 AD by Roman emperors Claudius, Nero, and Trajan. The Greek builders dug out a space from Mount Pion (present-day Panayir Dagi) to fit the 30-meter (100-foot) high theater, which accommodated 25,000 people, or 10 percent of the population of Roman Ephesus at its peak. The theatre exhibited the fights of wild beasts and of men with beasts. In the 1st century AD, the Apostle Paul delivered a sermon condemning pagan worship in this theater. Subsequently, followers of the Ephesian cult of Artemis forced Paul and his followers out. Over several centuries, the Cayster River filled the harbor of Ephesus with silt, creating a malaria-infested swamp, pushing the sea 4 kilometers away and cutting off the city's commerce and wealth. By the 6th century AD, Emperor Justinian decided to build the Saint John Basilica 3 kilometers away, which effectively moved the city center to Selçuk.
    99TUR-13-29_Ephesus-Great-Theatre-co...jpg
  • Study this tall Greco-Roman statue of Ephesian Artemis in the Ephesus Archaeological Museum at Selçuk in the Republic of Turkey. Excavation at the site of the Artemision in 1987-88 identified the globes on her chest as tear-shaped amber beads (not breasts, nor sacrificed bull testes) which adorned her ancient wooden carved cult image (or xoanon). In Greek mythology, Artemis was Apollo's twin sister, daughter of Zeus and Leto. Cynthia, another name for Artemis, was named from her mythical birth place of Mount Cynthus on Delos Island. The Romans adopted Artemis as goddess Diana. Ephesians were devoted to goddess Cybele as early the 10th century BCE, and incorporated some of those beliefs in their worship of Artemis. Cybele was the ancient Anatolian and Phrygian mother earth goddess dating from Neolithic times. Published in "Light Travel: Photography on the Go" book by Tom Dempsey 2009, 2010.
    99TURC-03-26_Ephesian-Artemis.jpg
  • This colorful old Greek Orthodox Christian fresco ceiling is at Sumela Monastery, under restoration in this 1999 image. The 1000-year-old Monastery of the Virgin Mary at Sumela is among the most impressive sights of Turkey's Black Sea coast. The monastery, founded in AD 386, clings to a cliff above a cool evergreen forest in Altindere National Park, in the Maçka district of Trabzon Province in the modern Republic of Turkey. The Sumela Monastery (Greek: Μονή Παναγίας Σουμελά, Moní Panagías Soumelá; Turkish: Sümela Manastırı) is a Greek Orthodox monastery dedicated to the Virgin Mary (Panagia, meaning "All Holy" in Greek) at Melá Mountain (Turkish: Karadağ, which is a direct translation of the Greek name Ssou Melá, "Black Mountain") within the Pontic Mountains (Turkish: Kuzey Anadolu Dağları) range.
    99TUR-37-12mod_Sumela-Monastery-fres...jpg
  • Aya Sofya Museum in İstanbul, Turkey. In Greek, it's called Hagia Sofia, or Sancta Sophia in Latin, which means "Divine Wisdom." The minarets were constructed after the Islamic conquest of 1453. Emperor Justinian built the Hagia Sofia from 532 to 537 AD in Constantinople on the site of a former Hagia Sofia on the acropolis of the former Byzantium. The 102-foot diameter dome perches an amazing 180 feet above the floor (rivalling the scale of the 144-foot high and wide concrete dome of Rome's Pantheon, built earlier from 118-125 AD). An earthquake collapsed the dome after only 22 years, and it was rebuilt several times by later Byzantine emperors and Ottoman sultans. 30 million gold mosaic tiles covered the dome's interior in Byzantine times. Hagia Sofia reigned as the greatest church in Christendom for nearly 1000 years, until the Islamic conquest of Constantinople by Mehmet the Conqueror in 1453. A church with a larger dome, St. Peter's Basilica in Rome, was not built until 1506. Hagia Sofia served as a mosque from 1453 to 1935, after which Atatürk, the father of the modern Republic of Turkey, declared it a museum. İstanbul's Hagia Sofia still stands as one of the architectural marvels of the world.
    99TUR-03-01_Hagia-Sofia-Museum-Istan...jpg
  • Native orange crocus flowers bloom in an alpine pasture in the Kaçkar Mountains, Republic of Turkey. Yellow lichen covers nearby rock scree. Glacier-clad Mt. Kaçkar rises to 12,900 feet at right. The name Kaçkar may be from the Armenian word Խաչքար (pronounced Khachkar) meaning "cross stone".  Kaçkar Dağı translates to Kaçkar mountain, and the name of the range Kaçkar Dağları translates to Kaçkar mountains.
    99TUR-C13-01_Kackar_crocus-meadow.jpg
  • Istanbul, Turkey: Rooftop dining near the Blue (Sultanahmet) Mosque. For licensing options, please inquire.
    99TUR-54-10_Blue-Mosque-dine.jpg
  • The Gök Medrese (Celestial or Sky-Blue Seminary) was built in 1277 AD after the fall of the Seljuks and the arrival of the Mongols, near Sivas, in the present-day Republic of Turkey. It was a hospital until 1811 and is now a museum. This view is from stop one minaret looking towards the other.
    99TURC-10-30_Sivas-Blue-Seminary_Gok...jpg
  • This 10th century Georgian Church was built during the reign of Magistros and now serves as a mosque in the town of Barhal (officially known as Altıparmak in Turkish; or Altiparmak), near Yusufeli, in the Republic of Turkey, Anatolica, Asia.
    99TUR-46-08-Altiparmak-Georgian-Chur...jpg
  • Uchisar, Cappadocia, Turkey: eroded volcanic tuff hillside
    99TUR-29-37_eroded-tuff-Uchisar.jpg
  • Architect Sinan, who wanted to exceed the grandeur of Hagia Sofia Cathedral, built Süleymaniye Imperial Mosque on Golden Horn harbor from 1550-1557. Süleyman and his wife are buried here. In the West, he is known as Suleiman the Magnificent. In the Islamic world, he is known as the Lawgiver (in Turkish "Kanuni"; making his formal Turkish name of Kanuni Sultan Süleyman), because he completely reconstructed the Ottoman legal system. This image is from İstanbul, in the Republic of Turkey.
    99TUR-04-21_Istanbul-Suleymaniye-Mos...jpg
  • Friendly boys in Amasya, Central Turkey.
    99TUR-36-11_boys-pals-Amasya.jpg
  • Yeni Kale (New Castle), is a Mameluke fortress from the 13th century AD, located at Kahta Kalesi village, near Eski Kahta (also called Kocahisar) village, near the city of Adiyaman. For licensing options, please inquire.
    99TUR-50-05_Kahta-Kalesi-Adiyaman-13...jpg
  • Narrows Covered Bridge was built in 1882 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. Walk across this bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Sugar Creek reflects the covered bridge plus the concrete arch of the modern highway bridge seen behind.
    10IND-194_Narrows-Covered-Bridge_Tur...jpg
  • Narrows Covered Bridge was built in 1882 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-207_Narrows-Covered-Bridge_Tur...jpg
  • Sugar Creek Suspension Bridge, Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA: Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes. Panorama stitched from 10 photos.
    10IND-230-239pan_Turkey-Run-SP.jpg
  • Narrows Covered Bridge was built in 1882 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. Walk across this bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Sugar Creek reflects the covered bridge plus the concrete arch of the modern highway bridge seen behind. Panorama stitched from 6 photos.
    10IND-200-205pan_Narrows-Covered-Bri...jpg
  • A Burr Arch Truss supports Cox Ford Covered Bridge, which was built in 1913 by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. Visit Turkey Run State Park in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Marked tourist routes visit many local covered bridges in rural farm country.
    10IND-329.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-327.jpg
  • Turkey feathers, useful for making arrow tails, are displayed in a reed-walled house at Powhatan Indian Village at Jamestown Settlement, Virginia, USA. Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement in the Americas, was founded as James Fort in 1607 within an area controlled by the Paspahegh tribe, which was part of the Powhatan Confederacy of tribes, Tsenacommacah, comprised of about 14,000 native people ruled by Wahunsonacock (sometimes called Powhatan). "Jamestown Settlement" is the Commonwealth of Virginia's portion of the historical sites and museums at Jamestown. Created as part of the 350th anniversary celebration in 1957 as Jamestown Festival Park, Jamestown Settlement is adjacent to the complementary "Historic Jamestowne" museum (which is on Jamestown Island, is the actual historic and archaeological site where the first settlers lived, and is run by the National Park Service and Preservation Virginia).
    12VA-244.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. The traditional "Cross this bridge at a walk" sign requires slow vehicle speed. A roof and red painted wood sides protect the historic bridge.
    10IND-328.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-326.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-325.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-323.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Panorama stitched from 6 photos.
    10IND-313-318pan.jpg
  • Explore golden fall foliage colors along Sugar Creek in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-291.jpg
  • A hiker explores Bear Hollow Canyon in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-287.jpg
  • A hiker explores Falls Canyon in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-281.jpg
  • Sugar Creek, Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA: Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-226.jpg
  • A caged turkey is sold at the Saturday animal market in Otavalo, Ecuador, South America. The culturally vibrant town of Otavalo attracts many tourists to a valley of the Imbabura Province of Ecuador, surrounded by the peaks of Imbabura 4,610m, Cotacachi 4,995m, and Mojanda volcanoes. The indigenous Otavaleños are famous for weaving textiles, usually made of wool, which are sold at the famous Saturday market and smaller markets during the rest of the week. The Plaza del Ponchos and many shops tantalize buyers with a wide array of handicrafts. Nearby villages and towns are also famous for particular crafts: Cotacachi, the center of Ecuador's leather industry, is known for its polished calf skins; and San Antonio specializes in wood carving of statues, picture frames and furniture. Otavaliña women traditionally wear distinctive white embroidered blouses, with flared lace sleeves, and black or dark over skirts, with cream or white under skirts. Long hair is tied back with a 3cm band of woven multi colored material, often matching the band which is wound several times around their waists. They usually have many strings of gold beads around their necks, and matching tightly wound long strings of coral beads around each wrist. Men wear white trousers, and dark blue ponchos. Otavalo is also known for its Inca-influenced traditional music (sometimes known as Andean New Age) and musicians who travel around the world.
    09ECU-1389_Otavalo-Ecuador.jpg
  • Wild turkey at Mammoth Cave National Park in Edmonson County, Kentucky, USA.
    10MAM-002.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-324.jpg
  • Cox Ford Covered Bridge was built in 1913 in Burr Arch style by J.A. Britton over Sugar Creek. A roof and red painted wood sides protect this historic bridge in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Panorama stitched from 12 photos.
    10IND-301-312pan.jpg
  • Explore golden fall foliage colors along Sugar Creek in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-293.jpg
  • Falls Canyon, Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA: Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-277.jpg
  • Wood ladders allow hikers to explore Bear Hollow Canyon in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-272.jpg
  • Boardwalks protect popular Turkey Run State Park from the feet of hikers in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Brown leaves of late fall cling to trees. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark.
    10IND-268.jpg
  • Rocky Hollow Canyon, Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA: Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch (less than 20,000 years ago) carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-261.jpg
  • Hikers explore Rocky Hollow Canyon in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch (less than 20,000 years ago) carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-258.jpg
  • Hikers explore Rocky Hollow Canyon in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch (less than 20,000 years ago) carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-249.jpg
  • Leaves of late fall litter Sugar Creek in Turkey Run State Park, in historic Parke County, Indiana, USA. Rocky Hollow Falls Canyon Nature Preserve is a National Park Service Registered Natural Landmark. The Mansfield sandstone bedrock was formed during the Carboniferous Period when sand layers at the mouth of ancient Michigan River was compacted and cemented into solid rock. Ancient swamps became coal seams which were mined in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Glacial meltwater erosion in the Pleistocene Epoch carved today's canyons and potholes.
    10IND-227.jpg
  • The historic Lusk Home was built of Federal and Greek Revival style starting in 1841. Visit this two story brick house in Turkey Run State Park, Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-220.jpg
  • The historic Lusk Home was built with Federal and Greek Revival style starting in 1841. Visit this two story brick house in Turkey Run State Park, Parke County, Indiana, USA.
    10IND-223.jpg
  • See Mosque of the Janissaries, on the Old Harbor of Hania (Chania), on the island of Crete, in Greece, Europe. Mosque of the Janissaries was built in 1645, when Hania fell to the Turks, and is the oldest Ottoman building on Crete. GREEK HISTORY: The Greek War of Independence of 1821-1829 reclaimed Ottoman Turk holdings in the Peloponnese, Sterea Ellada, and the Cyclades & Sporades Islands, but intervention by Britain, France, and Russia would set up foreign kings to control Greece on and off for generations. With Ottoman decline in the mid-1800s, the "Megali Idea (Great Idea)" of a new Greek Empire became popular for reclaiming former Byzantine Greek lands. Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 expanded Greece to include southern Macedonia, part of Thrace, more of Epiros, North-East Aegean Islands, and union with Crete. After siding with the Allies in World War I, Greece invaded Turkey as far as Ankara. But the young General Mustafa Kemal (later called Ataturk) drove the Greeks out of Anatolia. In a stressful exchange, 1.5 million Christians left Turkey and 400,000 Muslims left Greece. Greece suffered terribly under Nazi occupation in World War II due to starvation, and death camps for half the Jews. Greece's turbulent history culminated in a 1946-1949 Civil War between monarchists and democrats, where more Greeks were killed than in World War II. Despair motivated nearly a million Greeks to seek better life in Australia (Melbourne), Canada, USA (New York & Chicago), and elsewhere. After a coup by Colonels 1967-74 and later socialist rule, Greece shifted politically rightwards by 2001. Greek standard of living rose rapidly; low interest rates expanded car ownership. Greece proudly hosted the lightly attended 2004 Olympic Games in Athens, seen on worldwide TV by 3.9 billion viewers. In 2010-12, debt crisis made Greece agree to Eurozone & IMF loan rescue with harsh austerity measures.
    01GRE-18-02_Hania-Old-Harbor_Turkish...jpg
  • The world's largest Santa Claus statue greets visitors to Santa Claus House in the Christmas themed town of North Pole (14 miles east of Fairbanks), Alaska, USA. Standing 42 feet high and weighing 900 pounds, this Santa was built for the 1962 World's Fair in Seattle, and then travelled promotionally until emplaced at North Pole in 1983. Saint Nicholas was born in Patara on the Aegean Sea coast of Anatolia (Asia Minor). As a Byzantine Christian bishop, Nicholas of Myra anonymously dropped gifts of coins down the chimneys of village girls who lacked dowries, thereby allowing them to marry and probably avoid a life of prostitution. After his death he was declared Saint Nicholas, patron saint of virgins, sailors, children, pawnbrokers, Holy Russia, and others. Saint Nicholas' town of Myra is now called Demre in the Republic of Turkey. The fame of Saint Nicholas grew in different cultures, such as in the Dutch figure of "Sancte Claus," and in the German legend of Christkindl (the Christ child) who was helped by the elf Belsnickle, imitated by adults in furs who brought gifts. These traditions evolved into Kris Kringle, as defined by Reverend Clement Moore in the famous 1822 poem "A Visit From St. Nicholas" which starts: " 'Twas the night before Christmas when all through the house / Not a creature was stirring not even a mouse... ." In the Civil War era of the United States of America, Thomas Nast further solidified the image of Kris Kringle in Harper's Magazine illustrations of a familiar white-bearded, gleaming-eyed man. Today in Turkey, Saint Nicholas is known as "Noel Baba", or Father Christmas.
    06AK_3223-Santa_North-Pole.jpg
  • The gilt-head (sea) bream (Sparus aurata), or orata, is found in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean. The photo was taken at Rialto Pescheria, or fish market, in Venice, Italy. In Italy, the fish is called "orata" (meaning golden). In Croatia it is "ovrata", "orada", "lovrata" or "komar?a". ?n Turkey the fish is referred to as "çipura" or "çupra". In Greece and Cyprus it's "tsipoúra" (????????). In Malta it is called "awrata". In Albania is is called "koce". In Israel it is known as "Chipura" or "Denisse".  Venice, the romantic "City of Canals" stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy, Europe. The Republic of Venice wielded major sea power during the Middle Ages, Crusades, and Renaissance.
    11ITA-8024.jpg
  • North Pole, in the Fairbanks North Star Borough, Alaska, USA. Despite its name, the city of North Pole is 1700 miles (2700 km) south of Earth's geographic North Pole. North Pole's biggest attraction is a gift shop named Santa Claus House (evolved from an earlier trading post), flanked by the world's largest fiberglass statue of Santa Claus. A small group of domesticated Reindeer are kept nearby. The town advertises its ZIP code 99705 as belonging to Santa. The legend of Santa Claus (aka Saint Nicholas, Kris Kringle, or Father Christmas) evolved in Western Christian culture from the historical Saint Nicholas, a fourth-century Greek bishop and gift-giver of Myra (now Demre, in the Republic of Turkey).
    1906AKH-1585.jpg
  • Hikers explore atop Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-125_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 6 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-112-117pan_Enchanted-Rock_Tex...jpg
  • Hikers ascend Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 5 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-211-215pan_Enchanted-Rock_Tex...jpg
  • Climbers practice at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, Fredericksburg, Texas, USA. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-231_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Boulders erode and split from the top of Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-175_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-132-134pan_Enchanted-Rock_Tex...jpg
  • Hikers explore atop a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-154_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-131_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • The gilt-head (sea) bream (Sparus aurata), or orata, is found in the Mediterranean Sea and eastern North Atlantic Ocean. The photo was taken at Rialto Pescheria, or fish market, in Venice, Italy. In Italy, the fish is called "orata" (meaning golden). In Croatia it is "ovrata", "orada", "lovrata" or "komar?a". ?n Turkey the fish is referred to as "çipura" or "çupra". In Greece and Cyprus it's "tsipoúra" (????????). In Malta it is called "awrata". In Albania is is called "koce". In Israel it is known as "Chipura" or "Denisse".  Venice, the romantic "City of Canals" stretches across 117 small islands in the marshy Venetian Lagoon along the Adriatic Sea in northeast Italy, Europe. The Republic of Venice wielded major sea power during the Middle Ages, Crusades, and Renaissance.
    11ITA-8023.jpg
  • Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-079-80pan_Enchanted-Rock_Texa...jpg
  • Atop Enchanted Rock, looking towards Little Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-191-203pan_Enchanted-Rock_Tex...jpg
  • A family with children explores boulders atop Enchanted Rock. Boulders erode and split from the top of Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-180_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Boulders erode and split from the top of Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-174_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Boulders erode and split from the top of Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost.
    1403TX-168_Enchanted-Rock_Texas.jpg
  • Cactus and grass grow in a bowl atop Enchanted Rock. Explore a large pink granite dome at Enchanted Rock State Natural Area, between Fredericksburg and Llano, Texas, USA. Enchanted Rock is a fascinating exfoliation dome (with layers like an onion), rising 425 feet (130 m) above its surroundings to elevation of 1825 feet (556 m) above sea level, in the Llano Uplift. Geologically, the exposed rock (monadnock or inselberg, "island mountain") is part of a pluton (bubble of rock slowly crystallized from magma) within the billion-year-old igneous batholith, Town Mountain Granite (covering 62 square miles mostly underground), which intruded from a deep pool of hot magma 7 miles upwards into the older metamorphic Packsaddle Schist. The overlying sedimentary rock (Cretaceous Edwards limestone) eroded away to expose the prominent domes seen today: Enchanted Rock, Little Rock, Turkey Peak, Freshman Mountain, and Buzzard's Roost. This panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1403TX-159-160pan_Enchanted-Rock_Tex...jpg
  • The Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans), also known as the Turkey Fish or Dragon Fish, is found in Pacific coral reefs. The scorpionfish are a family (Scorpaenidae) of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. Lionfish have venomous spines that are deadly to their prey, but usually not to humans. A pricked human can still experience severe pain, headaches and vomiting. The best treatment is soaking the afflicted area in hot water. Seattle Aquarium, Washington, USA.
    0803AQU-63.jpg
  • The Red Lionfish (Pterois volitans), also known as the Turkey Fish or Dragon Fish, is found in Pacific coral reefs. The scorpionfish are a family (Scorpaenidae) of mostly marine fish that includes many of the world's most venomous species. Lionfish have venomous spines that are deadly to their prey, but usually not to humans. A pricked human can still experience severe pain, headaches and vomiting. The best treatment is soaking the afflicted area in hot water. Seattle Aquarium, Washington, USA.
    0803AQU-56.jpg
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