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California: northern coast, redwoods

126 images Created 29 Feb 2012

Photos of California northern coast and redwoods: See jellyfish/jellies, octopus, seahorse, anemone, Harbor Seals, diver feeding shark, at Monterey Bay Aquarium. Admire Bodega Head, Sonoma Coast State Park, Russian River, Bowling Ball Beach geologic wonder at Schooner Gulch State Park, sea stacks, Fort Ross State Historic Park (former Russian colony 1812-1842). Walk in Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park (where "Star Wars: Return of the Jedi" speed racer sequence was filmed) in Del Norte County. Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail. Tree branches tangle in fractal patterns over fern lined trail at Patrick's Point State Park, near Eureka. Stand up paddle surfing on a wave. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.

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  • Bowling Ball Beach, Schooner Gulch State Park, south of Point Arena, Mendocino County, California, USA. Pacific Ocean waves have weathered coastal bluffs (steeply tilted beds of Miocene Galloway Formation, Cenozoic Era mudstone) to expose spherical sandstone concretions resting on bowling lanes. Concretions form because minerals of like composition tend to precipitate around a common center.
    1212CA-3106-p1.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1111.jpg
  • Leafy sea dragon / Phycodurus eques, Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA.  Phycodurus eques is a marine fish in the family Syngnathidae, which includes the seahorses. Its long leaf-like protrusions serve as camouflage in its native habitat  along southern and western coasts of Australia. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1262.jpg
  • Tom is dwarfed by a gigantic redwood tree in Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-070_redwoods-California.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner.
    1212CA-2148.jpg
  • Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1265.jpg
  • Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1280.jpg
  • Tube anemone (Pachycerianthus fimbriatus). Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CAC-1146.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2208.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CAC-1103.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-196-p1_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1114.jpg
  • Bowling Ball Beach, Schooner Gulch State Park, south of Point Arena, Mendocino County, California, USA. Pacific Ocean waves have weathered coastal bluffs (steeply tilted beds of Miocene Galloway Formation, Cenozoic Era mudstone) to expose spherical sandstone concretions resting on bowling lanes. Concretions form because minerals of like composition tend to precipitate around a common center. The panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1212CA-2314-2315pan_Bowling-Ball-Bea...jpg
  • Tree branches tangle in a fractal pattern over a fern lined trail at Patrick's Point State Park, near Eureka, California, USA.
    1202CAL-137.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner.
    1212CA-2085.jpg
  • Bowling Ball Beach, Schooner Gulch State Park, south of Point Arena, Mendocino County, California, USA. Pacific Ocean waves have weathered coastal bluffs (steeply tilted beds of Miocene Galloway Formation, Cenozoic Era mudstone) to expose spherical sandstone concretions resting on bowling lanes. Concretions form because minerals of like composition tend to precipitate around a common center. The panorama was stitched from 9 overlapping photos.
    1212CA-3106-3114pan_Bowling-Ball-Bea...jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980 and included as part of California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve in 1983.
    1202CAL-202_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Explore Pacific Ocean beaches and sea cliffs at Patrick's Point State Park, 25 miles (40 km) north of Eureka, California, USA.
    1202CAL-133_California-north-coast.jpg
  • Yellow sea anemone, Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CAC-1132.jpg
  • Bowling Ball Beach, Schooner Gulch State Park, south of Point Arena, Mendocino County, California, USA. Pacific Ocean waves have weathered coastal bluffs (steeply tilted beds of Miocene Galloway Formation, Cenozoic Era mudstone) to expose spherical sandstone concretions resting on bowling lanes. Concretions form because minerals of like composition tend to precipitate around a common center.
    1212CA-3100.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-016_redwoods-California.jpg
  • A cross section of sawed timber forms a radial pattern on a restored building at Fort Ross State Historic Park, California, USA. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Renamed ?Ross? in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable.
    1212CAC-1157.jpg
  • Pacific Grove Shoreline Parkway Marine Refuge, Monterey Bay, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-2052.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1085.jpg
  • Explore Pacific Ocean beaches and sea cliffs at Patrick's Point State Park, 25 miles (40 km) north of Eureka, California, USA.
    1202CAL-149_California-north-coast.jpg
  • Explore Pacific Ocean beaches and sea cliffs at Patrick's Point State Park, 25 miles (40 km) north of Eureka, California, USA. Panorama stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1202CAL-102-104pan_Patricks-Point-SP...jpg
  • Howland Hill Road, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-082_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-183_redwoods-California.jpg
  • High Bluff, Redwood National Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. Off the coast looms the Cascadia Subduction Zone, where tectonic forces drive the Gorda Plate sea floor under the North American Plate. Sea floor rocks are scraped, folded, faulted, and thrust up as sea cliffs in this geologic setting which produces some of the world's strongest earthquakes.
    1202CAL-097_California-north-coast.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-059_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-017_redwoods-California.jpg
  • A man in a wet suit does stand up paddle surfing on a wave. Explore Pacific Ocean beaches and sea cliffs at Patrick's Point State Park, 25 miles (40 km) north of Eureka, California, USA.
    1202CAL-112_California-north-coast.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-199-p2_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-189_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-173_redwoods-California.jpg
  • High Bluff, Redwood National Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. Off the coast looms the Cascadia Subduction Zone, where tectonic forces drive the Gorda Plate sea floor under the North American Plate. Sea floor rocks are scraped, folded, faulted, and thrust up as sea cliffs in this geologic setting which produces some of the world's strongest earthquakes.
    1202CAL-096_California-north-coast.jpg
  • Tree branches tangle in a fractal pattern over a fern lined trail at Patrick's Point State Park, near Eureka, California, USA.
    1202CAL-136.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon.
    1202CAL-062_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-005_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-012_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon.
    1202CAL-159_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-040_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Stout Grove, Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-032-p2_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-169-p1_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980.
    1202CAL-160_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Walk in one of the world's tallest forests on Simpson-Reed Trail, in Jedediah Smith Redwoods State Park, along US Route 199 at Walker Road, Crescent City, Del Norte County, California, USA. The last major free flowing river in California, the Smith River, flows past old growth redwoods protected in this coastal park established in 1929. As part of two trapping expeditions from 1826-1830, explorer Jedediah Smith was the first white American to travel overland from the Mississippi River to California, and the first to reach the Oregon Country overland via the California coast. The coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens, in the cypress family Cupressaceae) is the tallest tree species on Earth, reaching up to 379 feet (115.5 m) high and up to 26 feet (7.9 m) diameter at breast height. This evergreen tree can live 1200 to 1800 years or more. Since the 1850s, more than 95% of the original old-growth redwood forest was cut down for lumber along coastal northern California and southwestern Oregon. The coastal redwood forest is a remnant of a larger group of trees that has existed for 160 million years. California's Redwood National and State Parks were honored as a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1980 and included as part of California Coast Ranges Biosphere Reserve in 1983.
    1202CAL-200_redwoods-California.jpg
  • Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1283.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1243.jpg
  • Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. For licensing options, please inquire.
    1212CA-1175.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1235.jpg
  • Tube anemone (Pachycerianthus fimbriatus). Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1290.jpg
  • The blubber jelly (scientific name: Catostylus mosaicus; Spanish: Medusa rolliza) comes in shades of blue, chalky white, or plum purple and ranges from Southeast Asia to Australia.  Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1209.jpg
  • Spotted jelly (Spanish: Medusa moteada, scientific: Mastigias papua), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1156.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1080.jpg
  • A jellyfish in the Chrysaora genus, at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1195.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1238.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1112.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1221.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1110.jpg
  • A jellyfish in the Chrysaora genus, at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1198.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1095.jpg
  • The blubber jelly (scientific name: Catostylus mosaicus; Spanish: Medusa rolliza) comes in shades of blue, chalky white, or plum purple and ranges from Southeast Asia to Australia.  Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1214.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1115.jpg
  • The crown jelly (scientific name Cephea cephea, Spanish: Medusa coronada) lives in Indo-Pacific oceans and has a purple bell above lacy mouth-arms. Exhibited at Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1225.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1081.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1099.jpg
  • Pacific sea nettle, or Ortiga de mar (Chrysaora fuscescens), Monterey Bay Aquarium, California, USA. Although commonly named "jellyfish," jellies are plankton, not fish. Jellies (class Scyphozoa) lack the backbone (vertebral column) found in fish. Jellyfish have roamed the seas for at least 500 million years, making them the oldest multi-organ animal. A sea nettle hunts by trailing long tentacles covered with stinging cells to paralyze tiny plankton and other prey. Stung prey is moved to the frilly mouth-arms and on to the jelly's mouth. The Monterey Bay Aquarium (MBA) was founded in 1984 on the site of a former sardine cannery on Cannery Row along the Pacific Ocean shoreline. Fresh ocean water is circulated continuously from Monterey Bay, filtered for visibility during the day and unfiltered at night to bring in food. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States.
    1212CA-1125.jpg
  • Harbor Seals at Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Monterey Bay, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-1070.jpg
  • Harbor Seals at Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, Monterey Bay, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-1310.jpg
  • Pacific Grove Shoreline Parkway Marine Refuge, Monterey Bay, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-2033.jpg
  • Pacific Grove Shoreline Parkway Marine Refuge, Monterey Bay, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-2001.jpg
  • Pacific Grove Shoreline Parkway Marine Refuge, Monterey Bay, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. Monterey was the capital of Alta California from 1777 to 1846 under both Spain and Mexico. It was the only port of entry for taxable goods in California. In 1846 the US flag was raised over the Customs House, and California was claimed for the United States. The city had California's first theatre, public building, public library, publicly funded school, printing press, and newspaper.
    1212CA-2040.jpg
  • Bodega Head, Sonoma Coast State Park, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. The exposed continental granite of Bodega Head lies on the west side of the San Andreas Fault, but curiously, the mainland rocks immediately to the east are of oceanic origin from the Franciscan Complex. Bodega Head is the northern tip of the Salinian Block, a geologic province whose core was born along with the Sierra Nevada Mountains. As tectonic forces created the San Andreas Fault 20 million years ago, the Salinian Block was torn off the continent, carrying Bodega Head northward hundreds of miles.
    1212CA-2053.jpg
  • Bodega Head, Sonoma Coast State Park, Pacific Ocean, California, USA. The exposed continental granite of Bodega Head lies on the west side of the San Andreas Fault, but curiously, the mainland rocks immediately to the east are of oceanic origin from the Franciscan Complex. Bodega Head is the northern tip of the Salinian Block, a geologic province whose core was born along with the Sierra Nevada Mountains. As tectonic forces created the San Andreas Fault 20 million years ago, the Salinian Block was torn off the continent, carrying Bodega Head northward hundreds of miles. The panorama was stitched from 7 overlapping photos.
    1212CA-2062-68pan_Bodega-Head.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner. The panorama was stitched from 3 overlapping photos.
    1212CA-2141-2143pan_Russian-River_CA.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner.
    1212CA-2113.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner.
    1212CA-2120.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner.
    1212CA-2090.jpg
  • The Russian River drains Sonoma and Mendocino counties  in Northern California, USA and flows into the Pacific Ocean at Russian River State Marine Conservation area and Sonoma Coast State Park near Jenner. The panorama was stitched from 2 overlapping photos.
    1212CA-2092-93pan_Russian-River_CA.jpg
  • Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2238.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2177.jpg
  • Kuskov House is the reconstructed residence of the founder and first manager of Fort Ross. Living quarters are upstairs above an armory. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Histori
    1212CA-2169.jpg
  • At Fort Ross, the piano forte and exhibit furnishings in Rotchev House exactly copy the early 1800s originals and are set up to portray the late 1830s. Built circa 1836, Rotchev House is the only original remaining structure from Russia's thriving settlement in California. Fort Ross State Historic Park, which preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-Ameri
    1212CA-2165.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, 1800s antique woodworking tools (planes, chisels, drill bits) make you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2171.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2173.jpg
  • Wood rakes in Kuskov House, Fort Ross, former Russian colony 1812-1842, California, USA. Kuskov House is the reconstructed residence of the founder and first manager of Fort Ross. Living quarters are upstairs above an armory. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-
    1212CA-2218.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, 1800s tea cups and kitchen equipment make you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2184.jpg
  • The reconstructed warehouse (magazin or sklad) at Fort Ross also served as company store, containing goods traded with Spain, Mexico, Britain, USA, Europe, and China. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2227.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. See www.FortRoss.org on the internet.
    1212CA-2210.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. The bell is inscribed in Church Slavonic: "Heavenly King, receive all who glorify Him." Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical
    1212CA-2211.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied by a few Russians plus 300-400 native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmar
    1212CA-2162.jpg
  • Originally built in the 1820s, the restored chapel at Fort Ross was the first Russian Orthodox structure in North America outside of Alaska. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. See www.FortRoss.org on the internet.
    1212CA-2212.jpg
  • Flintlock rifles in Kuskov House, Fort Ross, former Russian colony 1812-1842, California, USA. Kuskov House is the reconstructed residence of the founder and first manager of Fort Ross. Living quarters are upstairs above an armory. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. The 5.5-inch howitzer cannons are historical reproductions. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Me
    1212CA-2221.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, an 1800s spinning wheel makes you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2170.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, 1800s tea cups and kitchen equipment make you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2186.jpg
  • In Sandy Cove, pictured through a blockhouse window of Fort Ross, the Russian-American Company made the first four ships built in (Alta) California. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2203.jpg
  • A costumed woman interprets history and bakes bread in the Barracks building at Fort Ross. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. For licensing options, please inquire.
    1212CA-2187.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, 1800s antique woodworking tools (planes, chisels, drill bits) make you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2172.jpg
  • A costumed woman interprets history and bakes bread in the Barracks building at Fort Ross. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark. For licensing options, please inquire.
    1212CA-2189.jpg
  • In the Barrocks building at Fort Ross, 1800s tea cups and kitchen equipment make you ponder how people lived 200 years ago. Fort Ross State Historic Park preserves a former Russian colony (1812-1842) on the west coast of North America, in what is now Sonoma County, California, USA. Visit Fort Ross and dramatic coastal scenery 11 miles north of Jenner on California Highway One.  Initially, sea otter pelts funded Russian expansion, but by 1820, overhunting motivated the Russian-American Company to introduce moratoriums on hunting seals and otters, the first marine-mammal conservation laws in the Pacific. Russian voyages greatly expanded California's scientific knowledge. For centuries before Europeans arrived, this site was called Metini and had been occupied by the Kashaya band of Pomo people who wove intricate baskets and harvested sea life, plants, acorns, deer, and small mammals. Sponsored by the Russian Empire, "Settlement Ross" was multicultural, built mostly by Alaskan Alutiiq natives and occupied mostly by native Siberians, Alaskans, Hawaiians, Californians, and mixed Europeans. Renamed "Ross" in 1812 in honor of Imperial Russian (Rossiia), Fortress Ross was intended to grow wheat and other crops to feed Russians living in Alaska, but after 30 years was found to be unsustainable. Fort Ross was sold to John Sutter in 1841, and his trusted assistant John Bidwell transported its hardware and animals to Sutter's Fort in the Sacramento Valley. Fort Ross is a landmark in European imperialism, which brought Spanish expanding west across the Atlantic Ocean and Russians spreading east across Siberia and the Pacific Ocean. In the early 1800s, Russians coming from the north met Spanish coming from the south along the Pacific Coast of California, followed by the USA arriving from the east in 1846 for the Mexican-American War. Today, Fort Ross is a California Historical Landmark and a National Historic Landmark.
    1212CA-2185.jpg
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